Current climate change, a major issue that has been globalized world and the problems of many countries, especially the advanced industrial countries that have high levels of pollution and polluters in the world. One major focus of concern of the world on the issue of climate change is a change in the lining of the earth's atmosphere, which is dwindling as a result of gobal warming from the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect the Earth's atmosphere resulting in very high heat received as a result of increased human activity in the gases which contain chemical compounds which are active compounds that reduce heat absorption by atmisfir earth. Pengggunaan chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), chloroflourpcarbons / Freon (CFC) and methane (CH4), is part of the enhanced greenhouse effect is a big influence in the changes in the lining of the earth's atmosphere which resulted in a change global climate.
Barnabé and Barnabé-Quet (2000) states that, the relationship between the concentration of CO2 in the air and the average atmospheric temperature has been around for 1.6 million years and have a relationship of inter-related in the long term. The scientists suggested that the increased temperature and interference with the climate caused by the greenhouse effect, caused by increased content of CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere
Kjerfve (1991) referred to in the Barnabé and Barnabé-Quet (2000) suggested that, relative increase in sea level will provide a number of consequences for coastal regions, such as: tergenanganya littoral area (1 cm rise in sea level result in a reduction of 1 cm coastal areas); more a lot of beach erosion; increased salinity in groundwater so that no longer fit untu human consumption; rising sea water in estuarine areas, and the occurrence of damage to the vegetation land and replaced by other types of halophilic.
The scientists believe that global warming (global warming), it will be a major impact on sea level rise, availability of water resources on land, agriculture and Forestry. This is evidenced by a series of scientific studies of the various changes that occur in different regions of the earth, who have been affected either directly or indirectly from the effects of global warming is happening right now. Dieroleh results show that, a direct result of global warming on climate change, among others, the emergence of catastrophic hurricanes cyclones, flash floods, coastal erosion, loss of wetlands, especially in coastal areas, sea water intrusion, and the destruction of coastal ecosystems. Climate change could lead directly to the coastal region, where most people on earth popuasi occupy this region, especially in developing countries, where the man is one contributor to climate change in the world today, and eventually will accelerate the rate of damage to the resources in coastal areas.
The scientists have made breakthroughs in understanding the processes that occur in coastal areas, and they offer a variety of technology solutions and the use of accurate data, for example with computer modeling, which can be used in researching the potential for climate change and its effects that may occur in later period. Accurate information like this would be needed by the island states in determining the development strategy, in order to minimize the impact of global climate change and population and economic growth.
Intergovernmental panel on climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / IPCC) recommends for all countries to develop and implement coastal zone management rencama use the knowledge and the latest technology in reducing vulnerability due to climate change, and adjust the conditions to anticipate the impact of global climate change (IPCC CZMS, 1990; 1991; 1992). The IPCC has also concluded that the average global temperature rise of the world ranged from 0.6 ± 0.2 º C since the late 19th century and the average sea level rise ranging between 10 and 20 cm during the 20th century. Predicted that the average sea level will rise between 9 and 88 cm will occur between 1990 to 2100, in line with the increase in global temperatures in the range between 1.4 and 5.8 º C (IPCC, 2001).
World Coastal Conference in 1993 (The 1993 World Coastal Conference) reaffirms that "the Integrated Management of Coastal Areas" (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) is a process that is appropriate in addressing the problems of coastal zone management for long periods of time and a brief, including the process of habitat loss, degradation of water quality, changes in the hydrologic cycle, reduction of coastal resources, adaptation to sea level rise and other consequences of climate change. Many island nations that states will use the integrated coastal management (ICM) in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the draft United Nations Conference on Climate Change, and other meetings related to national environmental management strategy.
Indonesia as an archipelago (archipelago) consisting of ± 17,508 islands with an area of land that reaches ± 2.9 million km2, of which approximately 992 are inhabited and more than 5700 pieces or 33% that have been named. These islands can basically be classified into four groups, namely large islands, the island was, a small island, and the island is very small (Mulyanto, 1998).
Naryanto (1998) suggested that, in terms of geological and geographical located in Indonesia, small islands often have a potential for disaster is very detrimental to the occupants. Tersubut natural disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, coastal erosion, hurricanes, water shortages and so on. Natural disasters are natural phenomena that nature is destructive to human life. Forecasting efforts as much as possible to natural disasters needs to be done, but more important is the effort of disaster mitigation that may arise.
Global climate change that occurs at this time, will affect most of the environmental conditions in the Indonesian archipelago. It can be seen in the current conditions in which some of the islands in Indonesia have been affected by the impacts of global climate change is happening right now. The most visible influence is found in areas of islands in Indonesia is the influence of rising sea level that resulted in the process of soaking the islands (especially the small islands) the greater, resulting in changes to the coastline and the area becomes smaller island territories. This factor also affects the intrusion of sea water an increasingly large, thus resulting in reduced supply of fresh water which is owned by the islands received such influence. This condition is exacerbated by the AGI Belm tropical storms that often hit the coastal areas of Indonesia today, and its effects are felt great on the islands, especially islands smaller.
The linkage is so great between each condition that occurs due to the current global climate change, indicating the need for serious handlers, integrated and sustainable management and utilization of natural resources owned by the islands in Indonesia, so that the impact of climate change the current global level of damage can be minimized, but in order to maintain the sustainability of the islands themselves.
Concepts and integrated planning involving all stakeholders with an interest, either directly or indirectly in the management and utilization of the islands, will be one very important part in dealing with the impact of global climate change is happening right now. The concept of integration as has been described from the opinion of several experts in the above, illustrates that the integration of development in the management of coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia, is a key point that must be considered by both central and regional governments, in planning and management of coastal zone management and oceans as a whole.
The concept of integrated coastal zone management, usually based on the experience of developing countries to gain further insight. Where keberimbangan power between central and local governments are also well established. The experience may not be found in small island states where traditional culture is very thick. For small island states, coastal areas is a major part of the whole island.
According Dahuri et al. (2004), integrated coastal zone management is a coastal zone management approach that involves two or more ecosystems, resources, and utilization activities (development) in an integrated (integrated) in order to achieve sustainable coastal development. In this context, cohesion (integration) containing three-dimensional, ie sectoral, science, and ecological linkages.
The concept of sustainable management of the region refer to the planning area that require the integration of economic planning, physical planning and environmental planning. The concept of management of these areas will explain how the concept of coherence in the areas of development activities undertaken. The concept of sustainable management of this region formed from the four basic concepts that are interrelated with each other, namely: (1) Area is a unified system consisting of a complex range of interests to the use of territory, (2) An area can be characterized based on the structure and function , (3) Structure and function of the region have implications for the economic benefits and pembiayanya, and (4) Form the success of a region, can be judged from their role in meeting human needs, through the measurement of the ratio of economic benefits generated by the region and economic costs that are used in the management area (Laak, 1992; Dahuri et al. 2004; Darmawan, 2000).
Basically, sustainable development (sustainable development) is a process of change in the exploitation of resources, direction of investments, the orientation of the use of technology development, and institutional changes that took place in harmony. Sustainability, as defined, is a new objective in the management area. Because of the close relationship between social and economic development in the presence of resources, sometimes the goal of sustainable regional development were formulated as, construction of environmentally sustainable economic and social development (Lier, 1992).
Management of natural resource-based and community-based, is part of management concepts that are expected to contribute positively to the concept of development and management of the Indonesian archipelago. The concept of integrated development of the natural resources will have an impact on increasing the potential of natural resources by taking into account the carrying capacity (carrying capacity) owned by such natural resources, and ultimately the sustainability of natural resources can also be maintained. Meanwhile, the integration Development of the community, will give a positive implication in order to take advantage of the various potentials and capabilities possessed by the community for construction management and development of natural resources owned. Also closely related are owned by the people who inhabit the coastal areas, especially in the archipelago, will provide a huge influence in their participation to maintain and manage the potential possessed by the islands' with due regard to the rules of sustainable environmental management.
For island countries, integrated coastal zone management program must describe the specific circumstances and objectives of the initiative of development itself, in which the problems of small islands that need solving for small island not a solution for a large island or continent. Needed a breakthrough that has a great work orientation and better integrate computation and modern managed senuah simple system. Simple management system that can involve a variety of mechanisms to control resource use. Most of the island nation has the fishing season and fishing restrictions, the efforts of the islands in the archipelago and the revolving economy, as well as the close season to set the reef area resources. Management has traditionally also has its disadvantages. Some power and tradition, despite having good intentions and objectives, generally based on an understanding that is not scientific and only based on cultural customs and practices inherited from their ancestors from generation to generation. As a result, many of the islands that do not have adequate preparedness and strategy in tackling natural disasters and the changes brought about by various causes including global climate change.
Community-based management (Community-based management) is an approach that is quite successful in the management of coastal resources in the islands. Management is the reverse of the management approach 'top-down' into a 'bottom-up' area involving local wisdom and the experiences he ever had. Communities on this concept with its capacity as penguna resource, also to be involved in the development and implementation of management programs are implemented. This community involvement began in the planning process through the implementation of their management activities.
The various methods presented in the implementation of community-based management into a management program. In a rapid assessment of the introduction of participatory methods such as methods of PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisals), a number of experts from various disciplines in charge of collecting qualitative information in collaboration with members of the public, where access is not just in certain masyaakat group, but the whole community is involved in every stage activities performed. Communities are given the opportunity to recognize the true kebutuhann, abilities, and resources at the time of data collection and provide input as well as their opinions relating to the management program at each meeting held. After identifying community needs and interests of social, economic and concern for the environment, then developed a work plan / plan of action to follow up responses from the meetings that have been implemented before. They also compiled a struktu organization in managing resources. Furthermore, users will create a resource guide in sustainable resource use.
Huang (1998) explains that, in an integrated coastal resource management (Integrated Coastal Management) is not a working guide, remains more a collection of points of work that offers a logical and balanced approach in managing coastal resources and maintain sustainable management. Coastal zone management berkelanjutanakan provide positive feedback and dynamic in making a decision for the use, management and protection of coastal areas and natural resources in the region for the attainment of development goals, which is based on cooperation between central and local governments along with community use natural resources in coastal areas.
And further he also mengemikakan that, in an integrated coastal management program must be related to the following matters:
1. A continuous process for the collection and dissemination of scientific data for the calculation of the effects on resources, coastal issues, the benefits of the use and development, and needs and the needs of the population.
2. A public participation process to formulate national policy and system development policy of integrated coastal management and implement these policies.
3. A process for development, engagement and strengthening legal, institutional, aspekteknis, financial and human resources for the program.
Figure 2 below shows a general model for integrated coastal management program (ICM program). This chart describes the process for decision makers to use in integrating the needs of various sectors in the coastal region. The basic principles are generally drawn from the experiences made in the mainland continent or island countries of which the ICM never implemented. However, there are some fundamental differences in the implementation of ICM in the mainland continent and large island states and small island states in the general management of coastal issues.
Mainland continents and an archipelago of large coastal areas classified as areas with resources that need the special attention. However, some convenience and participation participatory concepts developed in the ICM in the mainland continent, diamana program developed based on modern knowledge and use of sophisticated technology, which is in line with legislation and policy components of power (government, both central and local) in deciding and implementing the course of the planned program, which generally this policy is a policy that a top-down.
This will be a little different when applied in the smaller island states, where kebijakannnya will be influenced by the culture and the culture and habits of everyday society, where traditional policy generally quite influential in government policy making both at central and regional tingat. Legislation coastal zone management policy in small island states are considering more association with the customs and habits that are owned by the islands, where the condition of islands which have a smaller size so that most of its territory is part of an integrated coastal zone management and development. An example of the concept of ICM on the small island states can be found on the island countries situated in the Pacific region.
Coastal region is a region that many suffered damage from the impact of natural disasters, like hurricanes cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) including didalamanya storm waves, and rising sea tide that is not normal (eg pairs of Rob who recently often occur in coastal areas Indonesia). Archipelago located in the lowlands and has a very limited coastal areas have a tremendous opportunity to be exposed to the impact of natural disasters caused by global climate change. Global climate change occurring will boost the intensity changes that occur in cycles of sea level rise, storms and hurricanes are getting bigger, but resulted in other changes in oceanographic conditions and the Earth's atmosphere. The problems of coastal areas requires an integrated coastal management, so that handlers can be tackled by considering a planned and directed all aspects related to the management and utilization of coastal areas, especially in island nations such as Indonesia.
Coastal management for an archipelago with a great concept of sustainable development requires commitment and active participation of the community. Commitment and active participation of the community will greatly affect the process of integrated coastal management, where community involvement is actively in every stage of the management process from initial preparation to implementation konsp management program, will provide a great sense of responsibility to the community in managing natural resources located in this region, especially for people who are in the islands. If it has formed a commitment and a sense of great concern from the public on the importance of the existence of these natural resources, the efforts for the prevention of hazards caused by global climate change on coastal areas, it would be easy to implement. In addition, the readiness of human resources, technology and adequate information, perangka da regulation legislation in favor of the preservation of natural resources, preparation of fund management, institutional management and professional, will help determine and support the successful implementation of programs in an integrated coastal zone management, with a view to the urgency of each sector with an interest in this program.
Reference:
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