Spatial approach is a perspective or analytical framework that emphasizes the existence of space as suppression. Eksisitensi space in the perspective of geography can be seen from the structure (spatial structure), pattern (spatial pattern), and processes (spatial processess) (Yunus, 1997).
In the context of spatial phenomena there are differences in appearance strutkur, patterns and processes. Spatial structure with respect to the elements penbentuk space. These elements can disimbulkan in three main forms, namely: (1) appearance of a point (point features), (2) the appearance of lines (line features), and (3) appearance of the field (area features).
The framework analysis approach to the problem of spatial arrangement of departure dotted-forming elements of space. In the analysis was done by answering the following questions.
1. What? What is the structure of space?
2. Where? Where the structure of space are proficiency level?
3. When? When the structure of the space is formed sperti it?
4. Why? Why is the structure of space is formed like that?
5. How? What is the process terbentukknya such structures?
6. Who suffers whats what and WHO benefits? How to structure
The spatial utilized in such a way as to benefit mankind. Positive and negative impacts of the existence of space as it has always been associated with human interests in the present and future.
Spatial pattern with respect to the distribution of space-forming elements. The phenomenon of point, line, and area has its own position, either implicitly or explicitly in terms of spatial agihan (Coffey, 1989). Some examples of such a cluster pattern, random pattern, the regular pattern, and linear cluster pattern for appearance-appearance of the point can be identified (Whynne-Hammond, 1985; Yunus, 1989).
Agihan appearance of the area (field) can be an elongated appearance (linear / axial / ribon); appearance like a fan (fan-shaped pattern), rounded appearance (rounded pattern), rectangular (rectangular pattern), the appearance of an octopus (octopus shape pattern ), the appearance of stars (star shape pattern), and some combination of several that exist. The sixth form geography questions in advance is always included in each analysis.
Spatial processes with regard to changes in space-forming elements of the space fund. Therefore, the analysis of spatial changes are always associated with the dimensions kewaktuan (temporal dimension). In this case there must be at least two time points are used as the basis for an analysis of the phenomenon being studied.
Spatial framework analysis approach can be exemplified as follows.
".... Recent common floods and landslides. The disaster occurred in the upstream region Konto Pujon Malang. How to solve these problems by using a spatial approach?
This requires a framework in depth study of the conditions of nature and society in the region upstream the river Konto. In the first stage needs to be seen the structure, pattern, and spatial processes Konto the headwaters region. At this stage can be identified phenomena / objects contained in the upstream region Konto. After that, the second stage can be performed based on the zoning area kerakteristik slope. Zoning that would produce zones based on slope, for example steep, somewhat steep, slightly sloping, sloping, and flat. Following the third stage of the utilization of these zones are determined for the right. Zone which is used for conservation, buffer, and cultivation. Thus, no error occurs in the utilization of space. Direct soil erosion and can be prevented, and along with it can do the cultivation of agricultural crops in the appropriate zone.
Thus the physical studies alone is not enough. Characteristics of the population in the region upstream Konto it also needs to be studied. Livelihood such as the type, level of education, skills possessed, and their habits. It may be used for the development of the area the best that local community-based. What types of plants that need to be planted, how the planting, maintenance, and utilization. With this approach looks interrelations, interactions, and integration between nature and human condition in there to solve problems of flooding and landslides.
b. Kelingkungan approach (Ecological Approach).
In this approach the emphasis is no longer in existence of space, but the links between certain phenomena with varaibel geosfera existing environment. In kelingkungan approach, a framework of analysis does not link the relationship between living beings with the natural environment alone, but must also be associated with (1) covered the phenomenon in which natural phenomena and physical relics of human action. (2) human behavior that includes the development of ideas and values of geographic and environmental awareness.
In systematics Kirk indicated the scope of environmental geography as follows. Environmental geography has two aspects, namely the environmental behavior (behavioral environment) and environmental phenomena (phenomena in the environment). Environmental behavior includes two aspects, namely the development of values and ideas, and environmental awareness. There are two important aspects in the development of values and ideas of geography, namely the cultural environment ideas of geography, economic and social processes and changes in environmental values. In an important environmental awareness is changing the natural environment of human knowledge.
Environmental phenomena includes two aspects, namely the physical relics of human actions and natural phenomena. Relic physical human action involves putting the environment and human sequences as agents of environmental change. Environmental phenomena and processes include organic products, including residents and inorganic products and processes.
Studies on the interrelation between mandalam phenomena in the geosphere certain formal kelingkungan variable is then considered as a characteristic of the approach kelingkungan. The six questions of geography that always accompanies any form of geographical analysis. Systematics can be described as follows.
General framework of analysis kelingkungan approach can be exemplified as follows.
The problem that happens is flooding and landslides in Ngroto Pujon Malang. To study the flood with kelingkungan approach can begin with the following actions. (1) identify the physical conditions at the location where the occurrence of floods and landslides. The identification was also need to be done in depth, including identifying the type of soil, tropografi, plants, and animals that live in that location. (2) identifying the ideas, attitudes and behavior of local communities in managing natural at that location. (3) identify cultivation systems are developed to meet the necessities of life (way of farming, irrigation, and so on). (4) analyze the relationship between culture system with the results and impact. (5) seek alternative solutions for problems that occur.
In environmental geography, approach kelingungan got an important role for understanding the phenomenon of the geosphere. With this approach geosphere phenomenon can be understood in a holistic manner so that solutions to problems that arise can also be conceptualized as well.
c. Complex Regional Approach
The problems that occurred in an area not only involves elements in the region. The problem was linked to elements in other regions, so that the linkages between the regions can not be avoided. In addition, each problem is not caused by a single factor. Determinant factor is complex. Therefore there is a need to give the complex analysis to solve problems more broadly and too complex.
To deal with such problems, one alternative to using a complex approach to the region. That approach is a combination of approaches that the first and second approaches. Because of its territory as a tourist spotlight is multivariate, then the study is hirisontal and vertical. Horizontal study is the emphasis on spatial analysis, while the study is a vertical emphasis on the aspect kelingkungan. The differences between one region to another region has created a functional relationship between the units so as to create an area, complex systems in nature and pengkajianya requires a multivariate approach as well.
General framework of analysis of complex approach to the region can be exemplified as follows.
The problem faced is how to solve the problems of urbanization. That problem is a complex issue, involving the two areas, namely rural and urban areas. To solve the problem it can be done with the following steps.
1. spatial approach, as exemplified in the first approach
2. kelingkungan approach, as exemplified in the second approach
3. analyze the relationship between these factors in rural areas with the city
Significance Paradigm Approach in Geography
In the approach, analyzing the symptoms and problems of a science (science), we need a method of approach (approach method). Approximation method is used to distinguish the study of geography with the other sciences, although the same object of study. This approach is divided into three kinds of approaches include: spatial approaches, ecological approaches / kelingkungan and territorial approaches.
1. Spatial analysis, which need to be considered is the deployment, use of space and space planning. In monetary affairs analysis of data collected in one place or region of space that consists of a data point (point), the data fields (areas) and the data line (line) includes roads and rivers.
2. Kelingkungan, ie apply the ecosystem concept in studying a problem of geography, the phenomenon, style and physical aspects of the problem has a linkage with the human aspect of a space.
3. Territorial, which is about the spread of the phenomenon studied, styles and problems in the room, the interaction between / variable human and physical environment variables are interrelated and influence each other. Because the regional approach is the combination of spatial and kelingkungan approach, the study is a combination of both.
Spatial approach, the approach kelingkungan and regional approach in its work is a unified whole. The approach is called integrated approach to geography. So the phenomenon, the spread of symptoms and problems are reviewed his room, the linkages between the various units of ecosystems in space. The application of geography approach to symptoms and problems can produce a variety of solving alternatives.
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